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Makeshift Metropolis: Ideas About Cities, by Witold Rybczynski
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In this new work, prizewinning author, professor, and Slate architecture critic Witold Rybczynski returns to the territory he knows best: writing about the way people live, just as he did in the acclaimed bestsellers Home, A Clearing in the Distance, and Now I Sit Me Down. In Makeshift Metropolis, Rybczynski has drawn upon a lifetime of observing cities to craft a concise and insightful book that is at once an intellectual history and a masterful critique.
Makeshift Metropolis describes how current ideas about urban planning evolved from the movements that defined the twentieth century, such as City Beautiful, the Garden City, and the seminal ideas of Frank Lloyd Wright and Jane Jacobs. If the twentieth century was the age of planning, we now find ourselves in the age of the market, Rybczynski argues, where entrepreneurial developers are shaping the twenty-first-century city with mixed-use developments, downtown living, heterogeneity, density, and liveliness. He introduces readers to projects like Brooklyn Bridge Park, the Yards in Washington, D.C., and, further afield, to the new city of Modi’in, Israel—sites that, in this age of resource scarcity, economic turmoil, and changing human demands, challenge our notion of the city.
Erudite and immensely engaging, Makeshift Metropolis is an affirmation of Rybczynski’s role as one of our most original thinkers on the way we live today.
- Sales Rank: #273030 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Scribner
- Published on: 2011-09-02
- Released on: 2011-09-02
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .90" w x 6.00" l, .60 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 256 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
From Publishers Weekly
Rybczynski (A Clearing in the Distance), professor of urbanism at the University of Pennsylvania, offers a glimpse of an urban future that might very well serve as a template for cities around the world. Just as the dense and green Israeli city Modi'in mixes old and new modes of urban planning, this book integrates history and prediction in its survey of the development of the American city. A brisk look back takes us from colonial town planning through the Garden City and City Beautiful initiatives of the early 20th century that defined and delivered the distinctive aesthetic character to such cities as New York and Chicago to the big box era. He also examines how contemporary urban designers and planners are revisiting and refreshing older urban ideas, bringing gardens to a blighted Brooklyn waterfront. Rybczynski's study is kept relevant by his focus on what the past can teach us about creating the "cities we want" and "cities we need." The prose is instructive and always engaging, and the author's enthusiasm for the future of cities and his enduring love of urban settings of all kinds is evident. He not only writes about what people want from their cities, he inspires the reader to imagine the possibilities.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
From Booklist
So much of modern American architecture, for good or ill, derives from twentieth-century movements dubbed “city beautiful” and “the garden city” as well as the tumultuousness of highly regarded architects, from Le Corbusier to Frank Lloyd Wright. Acclaimed architecture writer Rybczynski begins with a review of nineteenth- and twentieth-century movements that produced magnificent parks and grand classical structures that continue to dominate the downtown areas of many American cities. He examines the fierce debates among architects and planners searching to balance grand design and practical use, a debate fueled by Jane Jacobs’ Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) and Lewis Mumford’s contrasting views on urbanism. Rybczynski goes on to examine the trend toward arcades, malls, and big-box retail stores and to critique mixed-use development projects in a variety of cities in a never-ending search to find the right mix of aesthetics and practical, user-friendly spaces in an era of scarce resources and emerging environmental issues. An engaging look at changing perspectives on urban architecture and development. --Vanessa Bush
Review
""Makeshift Metropolis" is a wonderful book. It shows us how cities have been shaped by an unplanned dance between urban planners and the demands of ordinary consumers. Rybczynski is the ideal expositor of urban design, blessed with an abundance of inside knowledge."--Edward Glaeser, Fred and Eleanor Glimp Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Harvard University
"Rybczynski offers a glimpse of an urban future that might very well serve as a template for cities around the world... Instructive and always engaging... He not only writes about what people want from their cities, he inspires the reader to imagine the possibilities."--"Publishers Weekly"
""Makeshift Metropolis" is a deceptively slender distillation of some of the best thinking of one of the best thinkers about cities and urban planning. It's a terrific meditation on the past, present, and future of cities--a critical subject now that human life, increasingly, is urban life."--David Owen, author of "Green Metropolis"
"Impressive... [Rybczynski] writes with disarming ease... Our finest architecture critic."--Francis Morrone, "Wall Street Journal"
Most helpful customer reviews
17 of 18 people found the following review helpful.
A Great Book on the Idea of American Cities
By Richard S. Dixon Jr.
This is the fifth book of Witold Rybczynski's I have read and they just keep getting better. I admire the man for his calm discussions on so many aspects of architecture and cities (I find his book on Palladio: The Perfect House, most satisfying). For the professional architect or architectural historian, much of his discussions might seem basic stuff, but I find them instructive, clear and insightful. For anyone interested in the history of buildings in America, the idea of city life in Western Culture or even in the idea of what "home" means (forget Bill Bryson's book, At Home, Rybcynski's 1980s book on Home far surpasses that one), this is the author for you. His writing is consistently outstanding: clear, precise and tempered with the wisdom gained over many years of observing the subjects he discusses.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Great review of the history of city planning in the US
By G. Petri
I found this book to be well organized and concise. As an architect that was in school during the city planning conversations of the 1960s, reading Makeshift Metropolis now has been a good review and an opportunity to reassess some of the notions that were prevalent then. Things have clearly evolved. Planning is more like being engaged in the trenches than organizing the pieces on a game board. Witold has done it again, bringing accessible understanding of a complicated issue to anyone who is interested in learning.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent comparisons on planning ideas
By Leon Czikowsky
This book presents the emergence of ideas regarding city planning and how they were refined over time. Present planning concepts favor more use of private sector entrepreneurism than many past planning theories considered.
Lewis Mumford is noted by the author as having ideas of regional planning that still resonate as he theorized the coming reality of sprawl spreading to exurbs. Jane Jacobs is noted as correctly foreseeing urban neighborhood vitality, but not with a steady middle class as Jacobs saw, but with wealthier results and more mobile newcomers. Frank Lloyd Wright correctly forecast urban decentralization. All together, these and others' planning ideas helped shape applicable theories today.
The U.S. has undergone relatively unplanned development, which is something Jacobs woud defend. Many of the primary factors determining how development occurs are decided by private developers rather than a few city planners. Planners strive to set and meet general goals of keeping cities livable and economically viable, safe from crime, diverse, and environmentally responsible. Economic decisions determine what people are willing to purchase. This had led to clashes between those desiring consistent urban design and those who want unique architectural designs. A major clash develops when the desires of what people wish to purchase may not be in the best interest for others, or the best for the environment.
Public parks are unique to North America. Most European cities, by contrast, have areas for visual viewing of gardens, flowers, and tended plants.
The public sector has often sought to work in conjunction with the private sector. An example of this is the Brooklyn Bridge Park where piers, parks, and housing are simultaneously under construction.
Much of current planning evolved from past ideas. Charles Mulford Robinson supported keeing cities looking nice visually. He favored cities adorned with trees, public art, clean streets, well lit streets, limited outdoor advertising, and height limits on buildings.
Ebenezer Howard led a movement that created Garden Cities. There are parks near cities. Many continue existing.
Le Corbusier called for tall buildings designed for practical use. He also favored bringing parks and nature close to cities. He argued for keeping apart the different centers of activities, such as shopping areas, main government buildings, sports stadiums, cultural and arts centers, etc. Zoning would plan this accordingly.
Jane Jacobs was very critical of urban renewal. She argued that residents and not bureaucrats should determine what residents wanted. She also believed cities should not be art but should concentrate on allowing people to live their lives,
Lewis Mumford agreed with Jacobs on her views against urban renewal plans but disagreed with her on her criticisms of planning for urban parks. Mumford believed good architecture and design were worthy goals while Jacobs did not see these as proper planning laws,
Patrick Geddes supported Howard's plans for parks and urged for additional conservation and ecological preservation. He was active in getting Scotland more involved in establishing parks and helping the local biology. Le Corbusier took favorable note of the efforts of Geddes.
Frank Lloyd Wright realized that automobiles had taken away the need for a city with a concentrated center. His predictions of decentralization were confirmed with the growth of suburbs. His prediction that cities would is wrong as cities have found ways to revitalize.
The Garden City movement of Ebenezer Howard resonates even thought none have been created since the 1930s. This is because many of those that were created remain and continue to be popular.
Herbert Gans observed that many people have various ideas on how their city should develop. We live in an entrepreneurial economic system. Martin Meyerson noted that there should be public support for planning goals in order for them to be enacted.
William Manning prepared a master plan for Harrisburg. It turned a swamp into a lake and created parks, gardens, and a pedestrian bridge. His Riverfront Park remains an attraction.
The Burtham and Bennett master plan for Chicago led to a lakefront park. Much of the rest of their plans did not materialize. Their ideas did influence the actions of planners and developers.
San Francisco created Fisherman's Wharf to attract tourism. It was not an urban renewal plan. Similarly, private developer James Rouse renovated Quincy Market in Boston as an attraction for tourists and well as nearby residents. Other commercial developments that attract tourists include Ghiradelli Square in San Francisco, South Street Seaport in New York, Navy Pier in Chicago, and Bayside Marketplace in Miami.
Some new buildings are so uniquely designed that they are affected by the Bibao Effect. This means they are immediately declared an iconic building. This is also called the Bilbao Anomaly since this rarely happens,
Penn's Landing in Philadelphia took decades to develop. Its large size required large and stable investors who could weather market cycles. There was a master plan with a grand plan the entire areas. What may have made more sense would have been to develop it in smaller sections. By comparison, the Brooklyn Bridge Park had clear public good and private development goals that are materializing.
The author notes public participation is important when developing large urban projects.
Suburban growth has happened more quickly than urban growth in most regions except for in seven areas where the cities outgrew their suburbs, The seven cities that did this are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Seattle, Cleveland, and Norfolk.
Most downtowns are about four square miles and are walkable by 20 minutes from the downtown center to its edge. It is the attraction of shopping on foot that keeps downtowns competitive with suburban malls. Thus, downtowns can't expand in size. 90% of people who live downtown are single. Downtown residents are 0,3% of the population.
Most urban development occurs piecemeal. The author notes that marketplace decisions are not always the most accurate means to decide development. Still, the larger number of people involved in these decisions likely make their plans better than those of a few city planners. The author notes historical information should not be a deciding factor but that knowledge of past experiences and outcomes can help guide current actions.
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